Differential Growth describes a surface that grows at different rates in different locations. Biological systems can create complex forms from the interaction of physical properties of a surface and simple controls of growth rates over time. Source - Nervous System
2D - Splitting or Differential Curve Growth is an algorithm to divide a polyline into smaller segments to fill up a constraining volume or surface while preventing self-intersection through the use of circle packing.
Mesh differential growth works on the concept of pushing vertices away from each other by calculating collisions with neighboring vertices within a threshold distance range. The mesh is split at faces where the edge is exceeding the threshold which resembles growth of mesh edges. Open and close meshes both exhibit a different pattern of growth open mesh resembles forms like pedals whereas close meshes resemble cellular venation.